Calf
Calves were commonly made use of in sacrifices, and are therefore frequently mentioned in Scripture. The “fatted calf” was regarded as the choicest of animal food; it was frequently also offered as a special sacrifice (1 Sam 28:24; Amos 6:4; Luke 15:23). The words used in Jer 34:18, Jer 34:19, “cut the calf in twain,” allude to the custom of dividing a sacrifice into two parts, between which the parties ratifying a covenant passed (Gen 15:9, Gen 15:10, Gen 15:17, Gen 15:18). The sacrifice of the lips, i.e., priase, is called “the calves of our lips” (Hos 14:2, R.V., “as bullocks the offering of our lips.” Comp. Heb 13:15; Ps 116:7; Jer 33:11).
The golden calf which Aaron made (Ex 32:4) was probably a copy of the god Moloch rather than of the god Apis, the sacred ox or calf of Egypt. The Jews showed all through their history a tendency toward the Babylonian and Canaanitish idolatry rather than toward that of Egypt.
Ages after this, Jeroboam, king of Israel, set up two idol calves, one at Dan, and the other at Bethel, that he might thus prevent the ten tribes from resorting to Jerusalem for worship (1 Kgs 12:28). These calves continued to be a snare to the people till the time of their captivity. The calf at Dan was carried away in the reign of Pekah by Tiglath-pileser, and that at Bethel ten years later, in the reign of Hoshea, by Shalmaneser (2 Kgs 15:29; 2 Kgs 17:33). This sin of Jeroboam is almost always mentioned along with his name (2 Kgs 15:28 etc.).
From Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897), by Matthew George Easton.
